DICIONÁRIO DE SAÚDE
HEALTH DICTIONARY
A
- Ablation Medical procedure that removes or destroys abnormal tissue, often used in cardiac or oncological treatments.
- Abscess Collection of pus in a part of the body caused by a bacterial infection, which may lead to pain, swelling, and fever.
- Abrasion Superficial skin injury caused by friction or scraping.
- Acne Common skin condition caused by clogged pores, leading to pimples, blackheads, and inflammation.
- Acute abdomen Clinical condition characterised by sudden and severe abdominal pain that may require urgent medical intervention.
- Adenoids Lymphatic tissue located at the back of the nasal cavity, important for immune defence, especially in children.
- Adenoma Benign tumour that develops in glands or glandular tissue.
- Adrenaline Hormone released in stressful situations, responsible for the “fight or flight” response.
- Aerobic (exercise) Physical activity that improves cardiovascular capacity by increasing oxygen consumption.
- Agoraphobia Anxiety disorder characterised by fear of being in public places or situations that are difficult to escape.
- Albumin Protein found in the blood, important for transporting substances and maintaining fluid balance in the body.
- Alcoholism Dependence on alcohol consumption that affects both physical and mental health.
- Allergy Immune system reaction to normally harmless substances such as pollen, food, or medication.
- Alopecia Partial or total hair loss, which may have genetic, hormonal, or autoimmune causes.
- Alzheimer’s disease Progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects memory, thinking, and behaviour.
- Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age.
- Anabolism Metabolic process responsible for building complex molecules in the body.
- Analgésic Medication used to relieve pain.
- Anamnesis Collection of information about a patient’s clinical history during a medical consultation.
- Anemia Reduction in red blood cells or haemoglobin, leading to fatigue and weakness.
- Anesthesia Procedure that blocks pain during medical or surgical interventions.
- Aneurysm Abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that may rupture and cause serious complications.
- Angina (chest pain) Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
- Angiology Medical specialty that studies and treats diseases of blood vessels.
- Anorexia Eating disorder characterised by extreme food restriction and fear of gaining weight.
- Anxiety Emotional state of excessive worry that may affect physical and psychological well-being.
- Antibodies Proteins produced by the immune system to fight infectious agents.
- Antibiotic Medication used to treat bacterial infections.
- Antidepressant Medication used to treat depression and other mental health conditions.
- Antigen Substance that triggers an immune system response.
- Antioxidant Substance that helps combat free radicals and protects cells from ageing.
- Antipyretic Medication used to reduce fever.
- Antisepsis Set of procedures used to eliminate microorganisms and prevent infections.
- Aorta The largest artery in the human body, responsible for carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
- Aphasia Language disorder caused by brain injury, affecting speech, comprehension, or writing.
- Appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix, often requiring surgical intervention.
- Appendix Small structure attached to the large intestine, whose inflammation may cause appendicitis.
- Arrhythmia Abnormal heart rhythm.
- Arthritis Inflammation of the joints causing pain and stiffness.
- Asthenia Generalised feeling of weakness and lack of energy.
- Asthma Chronic respiratory disease characterised by inflammation of the airways.
- Atrophy Decrease in the size or function of an organ or tissue.
- Audiometry Test that evaluates hearing ability.
- Autoimmune disease Condition in which the immune system attacks the body itself.
- Autism Developmental disorder affecting communication and social interaction.
- Stroke (CVA – Cerebrovascular Accident) Interruption of blood flow to the brain, which may cause neurological damage.
B
- Bacteria Microorganism that can be beneficial or cause infections in the human body.
- Bacteremia Presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, which may lead to serious infections.
- Bad breath (halitosis) Unpleasant odor from the mouth, usually associated with oral or digestive issues.
- Balanitis Inflammation of the glans penis, often associated with infections or poor hygiene.
- Bariatrics Field of medicine focused on the treatment of obesity, including bariatric surgery.
- Barotrauma Injury caused by changes in pressure, common in diving or air travel.
- Basophils Type of white blood cells involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.
- Benign Term used to describe non-cancerous tumours that do not spread throughout the body.
- Benign tumor Non-cancerous growth that does not spread in the body.
- Bilirubin Pigment produced from the breakdown of red blood cells, important in liver function.
- Biochemistry Scientific field that studies the chemical processes within the body.
- Biopsy Medical procedure that involves collecting a tissue sample for laboratory analysis.
- Biotin B-complex vitamin important for the health of hair, skin, and nails.
- Binge eating Excessive and uncontrolled food intake.
- Bipolar disorder Mental health condition characterised by extreme mood changes.
- Bladder Organ responsible for storing urine.
- Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids causing irritation, redness, and flaking.
- Blister (skin) Fluid-filled skin lesion, usually caused by friction or burns.
- Blood Liquid tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.
- Blood circulation Process by which blood transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
- Blood flow Movement of blood through the blood vessels.
- Blood glucose level Amount of sugar present in the blood.
- Blood jet High-pressure flow of blood, usually associated with hemorrhage.
- Blood pressure Force exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries.
- Blood vessels Structures that transport blood throughout the body.
- Blood volume Total amount of blood in the body.
- Body fat Energy reserve of the body which, in excess, may affect health.
- Body Mass Index (BMI) Indicator used to assess weight in relation to height.
- Bone density Measurement of the amount of minerals in the bones, important for assessing the risk of osteoporosis.
- Bones Rigid structures that form the human skeleton.
- Botox Substance used in aesthetic and therapeutic medicine to relax muscles.
- Botulism Rare disease caused by bacterial toxins that affect the nervous system.
- Boil (furuncle) Deep skin infection forming a painful pus-filled lump.
- Bradycardia Heart rate slower than normal.
- Brain waves Electrical activity of the brain measured through tests such as EEG.
- Bronchi Airways that carry air into the lungs.
- Bronchodilator Medication that helps open the airways.
- Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi causing cough and mucus production.
- Bronchopneumonia Type of pneumonia that affects multiple areas of the lungs.
- Bronchospasm Contraction of the airway muscles causing difficulty breathing.
- Bulimia Eating disorder characterised by episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviours.
- Bunion Bony deformity at the base of the big toe.
- Burn Skin injury caused by heat, chemicals, or radiation.
- Burnout Syndrome of physical and emotional exhaustion associated with chronic stress.
- Cardiac bypass Surgical procedure that creates a detour for blood flow to bypass blocked arteries.
C
- Calcium Essential mineral for the health of bones, teeth, and muscle function.
- Cancer Disease characterised by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.
- Candidiasis Infection caused by Candida fungi, common in the skin and mucous membranes.
- Capillaries Small blood vessels responsible for the exchange of substances between blood and tissues.
- Capsule (joint capsule) Structure that surrounds and protects the joints.
- Carcinoma Type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells.
- Cardiology Medical specialty dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases.
- Cardiovascular disease Group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels.
- Cardiovascular risk Likelihood of developing heart and blood vessel diseases.
- Catheter Thin tube used to administer medication or drain fluids from the body.
- Cells Basic units that make up all tissues in the human body.
- Cellular regeneration Body’s ability to renew damaged cells.
- Cephalgia (headache) Medical term for head pain.
- Chemoprophylaxis Use of medication to prevent disease.
- Chemoreceptor Sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli.
- Chemotherapy Treatment used to fight cancer through medication.
- Chemotaxis Movement of cells in response to chemical stimuli.
- Check-up Preventive medical evaluation to detect diseases at an early stage.
- Chickenpox (varicella) Contagious viral disease characterised by skin rashes.
- Chlamydia Sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria.
- Cholesterol Fatty substance in the blood that, in excess, increases cardiovascular risk.
- Chronic (disease) Long-term condition that requires continuous monitoring.
- Chronic disease Long-term condition requiring ongoing management.
- Chronic nausea Persistent sensation of the urge to vomit.
- Chronic pain Persistent pain lasting for long periods.
- Chronic use Prolonged use of medications or substances.
- Chyme (intestinal chyme) Semi-digested content produced during digestion in the intestine.
- Cirrhosis Chronic liver disease characterised by liver deterioration.
- Clinical complaint Description of symptoms presented by the patient to the doctor.
- Clinical examination Physical evaluation performed by a doctor during a consultation.
- Clinical judgment Medical evaluation and decision-making based on knowledge and experience.
- Clinical nutrition Healthcare field focused on nutrition as a form of treatment.
- Coagulation Natural process that allows blood to clot and stop bleeding.
- Cold sore (herpes labialis) Common form of herpes that causes blisters on the lips.
- Colitis Inflammation of the colon causing abdominal pain and bowel changes.
- Collagen Protein responsible for skin elasticity and firmness.
- Colon Part of the large intestine responsible for water absorption.
- Coma Deep state of unconsciousness in which the patient does not respond to stimuli.
- Constipation Difficulty in bowel movements.
- Contagion Transmission of diseases between individuals.
- COVID-19 Infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.
- Cleft lip Congenital malformation characterised by an opening in the upper lip.
- Curettage Medical procedure that removes tissue from inside a cavity.
- Curettage Medical procedure that removes tissue from inside a cavity.
- Cyst Closed sac of tissue filled with fluid or semi-solid material.
- Cystitis Urinary tract infection that causes pain when urinating and frequent urge to urinate.
- Cutaneous xerosis Skin dryness that may cause flaking and itching.
D
- Degenerative disease Disease that causes progressive deterioration of tissues or organs.
- Degenerative joint Progressive wear of a joint, commonly associated with osteoarthritis.
- Deafness Partial or total loss of hearing.
- Dehydration Lack of water in the body, which may cause weakness, dizziness, and other symptoms.
- Dentition Process of development and eruption of teeth.
- Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin causing redness, itching, and irritation.
- Dermatology Medical specialty dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
- Detoxification Process of eliminating toxic substances from the body.
- Diagnosis Identification of a disease through the evaluation of symptoms and tests.
- Diabetes Metabolic disease characterised by high blood sugar levels.
- Dialysis Treatment that replaces kidney function by filtering the blood.
- Diarrhea Frequent and loose bowel movements, which may lead to dehydration.
- Diet Set of eating habits followed by an individual.
- Dietary fiber Component of plant-based foods that supports intestinal function.
- Dietary supplement Product used to complement the diet.
- Digestion Process by which the body converts food into nutrients.
- Dilation Increase in the diameter of an organ or vessel.
- Dislocation Displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint.
- Dizziness Sensation of imbalance or vertigo.
- Dressing (wound care) Material used to protect wounds and support healing.
- Drug tolerance Reduced response to a medication with continuous use.
- Duodenal ulcer Sore in the duodenum associated with gastric acidity.
- Duodenum First part of the small intestine, essential for digestion.
- Dyspnea Sensation of shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
- Dyslipidemia Abnormal levels of fats in the blood, such as cholesterol and triglycerides.
- Dysplasia Abnormal growth of cells that may develop into cancer.
E
- Ear Organ responsible for hearing and balance.
- Eating disorder Disturbance in eating behaviour that affects health.
- Eczema Inflammatory skin condition causing itching, redness, and flaking.
- Edema Swelling caused by the accumulation of fluid in body tissues.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG) Test that records the electrical activity of the heart.
- Electrolytes Minerals in the body that regulate functions such as hydration and muscle activity.
- Embolism Blockage of a blood vessel by a clot or other substance.
- Embryonic Related to the early stages of human development.
- Endocrine system Group of glands that produce hormones.
- Endocrinology Medical specialty that studies hormones and the endocrine system.
- Endometriosis Condition in which tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus.
- Endoscopy Procedure that allows visualisation of internal organs using a camera-equipped tube.
- Energy (metabolic energy) Energy produced by the body from food.
- Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) Enlargement of the spleen.
- Enteric gas (intestinal gas) Accumulation of air in the digestive system that may cause abdominal discomfort.
- Epidemic Sudden increase in the number of disease cases in a specific region.
- Epidermis Outermost layer of the skin.
- Epilepsy Neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures.
- Erectile dysfunction Difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection sufficient for sexual activity.
- Erythrocytes Red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood.
- Esophagitis Inflammation of the esophagus, often caused by acid reflux.
- Estrogen Female sex hormone important for the menstrual cycle and bone health.
- Expectoration Expulsion of secretions from the respiratory tract through coughing.
- Exercise (physical exercise) Bodily activity that improves health and overall well-being.
F
- Fainting (syncope) Temporary loss of consciousness caused by reduced blood flow to the brain.
- Fatigue Persistent feeling of physical or mental tiredness that does not improve with rest.
- Fascia Connective tissue that surrounds muscles, organs, and other body structures.
- Fasting Period without food intake, used for medical tests or health purposes.
- Feces (stool) Waste material eliminated from the body through the digestive system.
- Fertile period Phase of the menstrual cycle with a higher probability of pregnancy.
- Fertility Ability of an individual to reproduce.
- Fever Increase in body temperature, usually as a response to infection.
- Fetus Stage of human development following the embryonic period.
- Fiber (dietary fiber) Component of plant-based foods that supports intestinal function.
- Fibromyalgia Chronic condition characterised by widespread muscle pain and fatigue.
- Fibroid (uterine fibroid) Benign tumour of the uterus.
- Fibrosis Excessive formation of fibrous tissue in organs or tissues.
- Fissure Small tear or opening in tissue, such as skin or mucosa.
- Flatulence Accumulation of gas in the digestive system.
- Flow (blood flow) Movement of blood through the blood vessels.
- Follicle Structure that produces cells, such as the hair follicle responsible for hair growth.
- Food intolerance Difficulty in digesting certain foods, causing digestive symptoms.
- Foot/eye exam (fundoscopy) Examination that evaluates the back of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve.
- Fracture Break or crack in a bone.
- Free radicals Unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage and ageing.
- Frequency (heart rate) Number of heartbeats per minute.
- Frequency (respiratory rate) Number of breaths per minute.
- Fungi Microorganisms that can cause infections in the skin, nails, or internal organs.
- Function (renal function) Ability of the kidneys to filter blood and eliminate waste.
G
- Gallbladder Organ that stores bile produced by the liver.
- Gangrene Death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow or infection.
- Gastric ulcer Sore in the stomach lining caused by acid or infection.
- Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach lining causing pain, heartburn, and discomfort.
- Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually with vomiting and diarrhea.
- Gastroenterology Medical specialty dedicated to the digestive system.
- Gastroesophageal reflux Return of stomach contents to the esophagus, causing heartburn.
- Gastrostomy Procedure that creates an opening in the stomach for feeding.
- Genetics Field of science that studies genes and heredity.
- Genome Complete set of genetic material of an organism.
- Geriatrics Medical specialty focused on elderly health care.
- Gestation Period of development of the embryo and fetus until birth.
- Gingivitis Inflammation of the gums caused by the accumulation of bacterial plaque.
- Gland Organ responsible for producing and secreting substances such as hormones.
- Glaucoma Eye disease that can cause vision loss due to increased intraocular pressure.
- Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the kidney glomeruli affecting renal function.
- Glucose Main source of energy for the body, present in the blood.
- Glycemia (blood glucose) Level of sugar in the blood.
- Glycogen Stored form of glucose in the liver and muscles.
- Goiter Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.
- Gonorrhea Sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria.
- Gout Disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid in the joints, leading to intense pain.
- Chronic gout Persistent form of gout with recurrent joint inflammation.
- Pregnancy Period of fetal development in the uterus.
- Gynecology Medical specialty dedicated to the health of the female reproductive system.
- Gynecomastia Enlargement of breast tissue in men.
H
- Heart block Disruption in the electrical conduction of the heart that may affect heart rhythm.
- Heart disease Condition that affects the heart and its function.
- Heart failure Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively.
- Heart murmur Abnormal sound of blood flow in the heart.
- Heart rate Number of heartbeats per minute.
- Heart rhythm Frequency and regularity of heartbeats.
- Heartburn Burning sensation in the chest caused by acid reflux.
- Hearing loss Reduced ability to hear.
- Hemangioma Benign tumour formed by blood vessels.
- Hemarthrosis Accumulation of blood within a joint.
- Hematology Field of medicine that studies blood and blood disorders.
- Hematoma Collection of blood outside blood vessels, usually caused by trauma.
- Hemoglobin Protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen.
- Hemorrhage Loss of blood due to rupture of blood vessels.
- Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viruses, alcohol, or medications.
- Hernia Protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.
- Herniated disc Displacement of a spinal disc that may cause pain and nerve compression.
- Herpes Viral infection that causes lesions on the skin or mucous membranes.
- Herpes zoster (shingles) Reactivation of the chickenpox virus causing painful skin eruptions.
- Histology Microscopic study of body tissues.
- Hormonal balance State in which hormones are at appropriate levels in the body.
- Hormonal regulation Balance of hormones in the body.
- Hormone Chemical substance that regulates various body functions.
- HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Virus transmitted through sexual contact, associated with warts and cancer.
- Hydration Maintenance of adequate fluid levels in the body.
- Hydronephrosis Dilation of the kidneys caused by urinary obstruction.
- Hyperactivity Excessive level of physical or mental activity.
- Hyperglycemia High blood sugar levels.
- Hyperlipidemia Elevated levels of fats in the blood.
- Hyperplasia Increase in the number of cells in a tissue.
- Hypertension High blood pressure, increasing cardiovascular risk.
- Hypertrophy Increase in the size of an organ or tissue.
- Hypnosis Altered state of consciousness used in therapy or treatment.
- Hypoglycemia Low blood sugar levels.
- Hypotension Blood pressure below normal levels.
- Huntington’s disease Genetic disorder affecting the nervous system, causing involuntary movements.
I
- Ileum Final part of the small intestine.
- Implant Device placed in the body to replace or support a biological structure.
- Immunity The body’s ability to defend itself against infections and diseases.
- Immunology Field of medicine that studies the immune system.
- Immunosuppression Reduced activity of the immune system.
- Immunotherapy Treatment that stimulates the immune system to fight diseases.
- Impotence (erectile dysfunction) Difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection.
- Incision Cut made during a surgical procedure.
- Incontinence (urinary incontinence) Involuntary loss of urine.
- Indigestion Digestive discomfort after eating.
- Infarction Tissue death caused by lack of blood supply.
- Infection Entry and multiplication of microorganisms in the body.
- Infectious disease Disease caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
- Inflammation Body’s response to injury or infection, causing pain, heat, and swelling.
- Inflamed joint Inflammation of a joint causing pain and limited movement.
- Inflammatory response Body’s reaction to injury or infection.
- Influenza (flu) Viral respiratory infection with symptoms such as fever, body aches, and cough.
- Inhalation Entry of substances into the body through breathing.
- Injection Administration of medication using a needle.
- Insomnia Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
- Insulin Hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.
- Intensive care Specialised medical care for critically ill patients.
- Intensive care unit (ICU) Hospital unit for the treatment of critically ill patients.
- Intermittent fasting Dietary approach that alternates periods of eating and fasting.
- Internal medicine Medical specialty focused on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in adults.
- Intestinal obstruction Blockage of the intestine that prevents the passage of digestive contents.
- Intestine Organ responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption.
- Intestinal gas Accumulation of air in the digestive system that may cause abdominal discomfort.
- Intoxication Body’s reaction to toxic substances.
- Intravenous Administration of substances directly into a vein.
- Invasive (procedure) Medical procedure that involves entering the body.
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Functional intestinal disorder causing pain and bowel changes.
- Irritation (skin irritation) Skin reaction causing redness and discomfort.
- Ischemia Reduced blood flow to a tissue.
- Isolation (medical) Separation of patients to prevent disease transmission.
J
- Jaundice Yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by excess bilirubin in the blood.
- Jet lag Disruption of the biological rhythm caused by rapid time zone changes.
- Joint Point where two bones meet, allowing movement.
- Joint (synovial joint) Type of joint that allows free movement, such as the knee or shoulder.
- Joint capsule Structure that surrounds and protects the joints.
- Jugular region Anterior area of the neck associated with important vascular structures.
- Jugular vein Major vein in the neck responsible for returning blood to the heart.
- Juvenile (disease) Term used to describe diseases that occur in childhood or adolescence.
K
- Kalemia Concentration of potassium in the blood, important for muscle and heart function.
- Keloid Raised and thick scar resulting from excessive healing.
- Keratin Protein found in the skin, hair, and nails.
- Keratoses Skin lesions characterised by thickening of the skin.
- Keratosis Thickening of the skin caused by excessive keratin production.
- Actinic keratosis Skin lesion caused by sun exposure, which may develop into cancer.
- Keratosis pilaris Benign skin condition causing small, rough bumps.
- Kidney stone Formation of stones in the kidneys that may cause intense pain and difficulty urinating.
- Kidneys Organs responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
- Kinesiotherapy Treatment based on therapeutic exercises for physical rehabilitation.
- Kinesiology Study of human body movement.
- Klebsiella Bacterium that can cause respiratory and urinary infections.
- Klinefelter syndrome Genetic condition in males associated with infertility and hormonal changes.
- Knee Joint connecting the femur to the tibia, essential for mobility.
- Kwashiorkor Severe form of malnutrition caused by protein deficiency.
L
- Lactation Production of milk by the mammary glands.
- Lactose Sugar found in milk and dairy products.
- Lactose intolerance Inability to digest lactose, causing digestive symptoms.
- Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness and loss of voice.
- Laryngoscopy Examination that allows visualisation of the larynx.
- Larynx Organ responsible for voice production and air passage to the lungs.
- Laser (treatment) Technology used in medical and aesthetic procedures.
- Leptin Hormone that regulates the feeling of satiety.
- Lesion Damage to body tissues caused by trauma or disease.
- Leukemia Type of cancer that affects white blood cells.
- Leukocytes White blood cells responsible for defending the body.
- Lethargy State of drowsiness and lack of energy.
- Ligament injury Damage to ligaments that may affect joint stability.
- Ligament rupture Injury to ligaments affecting joint stability.
- Lipids Fats present in the body, important for energy and cellular structure.
- Lipoma Benign tumour composed of fatty tissue.
- Lipothymia (presyncope) Sensation of near-fainting without complete loss of consciousness.
- Liver Vital organ responsible for detoxification and metabolism.
- Lower back pain (lumbago) Pain in the lumbar region of the spine.
- Lumen Internal space of tubular organs such as intestines or blood vessels.
- Lumbar region Lower part of the spine.
- Lupus Autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs.
- Lymph Fluid of the lymphatic system that carries immune cells.
- Lymph node Small structure of the lymphatic system that helps fight infections.
- Lymph nodes Structures that filter substances and help defend the body.
- Lymphatic drainage Technique that stimulates the lymphatic system to reduce swelling and fluid retention.
- Lymphatic system Network of vessels and organs involved in body defence.
- Lymphocytes Type of white blood cells involved in the immune response.
- Lymphoma Cancer that affects the lymphatic system.
- Lysis Destruction of cells.
M
- Macula Central region of the retina responsible for detailed vision.
- Malformation Congenital structural abnormality present from birth.
- Malignant Term used to describe cancerous tumours that can invade other tissues.
- Malignant tumor Cancerous growth with the ability to invade and spread.
- Malnutrition Condition in which the body does not receive enough nutrients to function properly.
- Mammography Imaging test used to assess breast health.
- Medication Set of medicines used in the treatment of diseases.
- Medicine Science dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
- Melanoma Potentially aggressive type of skin cancer.
- Menopause Stage in a woman’s life marked by the end of menstruation.
- Menstruation Monthly shedding of the uterine lining.
- Metabolism Set of chemical reactions that keep the body functioning.
- Metastasis Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.
- Microbiota Collection of microorganisms that live in the human body.
- Migraine Type of intense and recurring headache, often accompanied by nausea.
- Migrating pain Pain that moves from one area of the body to another.
- Minerals Essential nutrients for body function.
- Mitochondria Cellular structure responsible for energy production.
- Mobility Ability of the body to move.
- Monitoring Continuous tracking of health parameters.
- Morphology Study of the form and structure of organisms.
- Mucosa Tissue that lines internal body cavities.
- Multiple sclerosis Autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system.
- Muscle Tissue responsible for body movement.
- Muscle injury Damage to muscles caused by strain or trauma.
- Muscle pain Pain in the muscles caused by strain, tension, or injury.
- Muscle rupture Severe muscle injury caused by excessive strain.
- Muscle spasm Involuntary contraction of a muscle.
- Muscle strain Muscle injury caused by excessive effort or stretching.
- Mutation Change in genetic material.
- Myalgia Muscle pain.
- Myelin Substance that surrounds nerves and facilitates impulse transmission.
- Myocardial infarction Interruption of blood flow to the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.
- Myocardium Heart muscle responsible for cardiac contraction.
- Myopia Difficulty seeing distant objects.
- Myositis Inflammation of the muscles.
N
- Nail Hard structure that protects the tips of the fingers and toes.
- Narcosis State of central nervous system depression caused by substances.
- Nasal (route) Administration of medication through the nose.
- Nasal obstruction Difficulty breathing through the nose due to blockage.
- Nausea Sensation of stomach discomfort with an urge to vomit.
- Necrosis Death of cells or tissues.
- Neoplasia Abnormal growth of cells, which may be benign or malignant.
- Nephritis Inflammation of the kidneys that may impair renal function.
- Nephrolithiasis Formation of kidney stones in the kidneys.
- Nephrology Medical specialty dedicated to the study and treatment of the kidneys.
- Nephropathy Disease affecting the kidneys.
- Nerve Structure that transmits impulses between the brain and the body.
- Neurological injury Damage to the nervous system that may affect movement or sensation.
- Neurology Medical specialty dedicated to the nervous system.
- Neuron Cell of the nervous system responsible for signal transmission.
- Neuromuscular junction Point where a nerve transmits signals to a muscle to produce movement.
- Neuropathy Damage or dysfunction of nerves.
- Neurodegenerative disease Disease that causes progressive deterioration of the nervous system.
- Neurotransmitter Chemical substance that transmits signals between neurons.
- Neutrophils Type of white blood cells important in defending against infections.
- Nocturia Frequent need to urinate during the night.
- Nodule Abnormal mass or lump of tissue in the body.
- Norovirus Virus responsible for infectious gastroenteritis.
- Nose Organ responsible for breathing and smell.
- Nursing Healthcare field dedicated to patient care and support.
- Nutrient Essential substance for the functioning of the body.
- Nutrition Process of intake and use of nutrients by the body.
O
- Obesity Excess body fat that increases the risk of various diseases.
- Obstruction Partial or complete blockage of an organ or body channel.
- Oligospermia Low concentration of sperm in semen.
- Oliguria Decreased urine production.
- Oncological Related to cancer or cancer treatment.
- Oncology Medical specialty dedicated to the study and treatment of cancer.
- Ophthalmologist Doctor specialised in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases.
- Ophthalmology Medical specialty dedicated to eye health.
- Optic nerve Nerve responsible for transmitting visual information to the brain.
- Organism?
- Orthopaedics Medical specialty dedicated to the musculoskeletal system.
- Orthopaedist Doctor specialised in bones, muscles, and joints.
- Osteoarthritis Degenerative joint disease.
- Osteomyelitis Bone infection caused by bacteria.
- Osteopathy Manual therapy focused on restoring body balance.
- Osteopenia Reduced bone density, preceding osteoporosis.
- Osteoporosis Disease characterised by loss of bone density.
- Otitis Inflammation of the ear, usually associated with infection.
- Otorhinolaryngology Medical specialty dedicated to the ear, nose, and throat.
- Ovary Organ of the female reproductive system that produces eggs.
- Ovulation Release of an egg from the ovary.
- Overactive bladder Condition characterised by a frequent and urgent need to urinate.
- Overweight Body weight above what is considered healthy.
- Oximeter Device that measures oxygen levels in the blood.
- Oxidation Chemical process that may cause cellular damage.
- Oxygen Gas essential for respiration and energy production in the body.
- Oxygen saturation Percentage of oxygen carried in the blood.
- Oxygenation Process of supplying oxygen to body tissues.
P
- Palliative care Medical care focused on comfort and quality of life in serious illnesses.
- Pancreas Organ responsible for producing insulin and digestive enzymes.
- Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas that may cause severe abdominal pain.
- Papilloma Benign lesion caused by abnormal cell growth.
- Parasite Organism that lives at the expense of another, potentially causing disease.
- Paralysis Loss of movement in part of the body.
- Pathology Field of medicine that studies diseases.
- Pediatrics Medical specialty dedicated to child health.
- Pelvis Bony structure located in the lower part of the torso.
- Penicillin Antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections.
- Perfusion Passage of fluids through tissues or organs.
- Peripheral nerve Nerve located outside the central nervous system.
- Pericarditis Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart.
- Peritonitis Inflammation of the membrane lining the abdominal cavity.
- Pharmacology Field of medicine that studies drugs and their effects on the body.
- Pharyngitis Inflammation of the pharynx causing sore throat and difficulty swallowing.
- Pharynx Structure that connects the mouth and nose to the esophagus and larynx.
- Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often associated with blood clots.
- Phobia Intense and irrational fear of specific situations, objects, or activities.
- Photosensitivity Exaggerated skin reaction to sun exposure.
- Physical fitness State of health associated with adequate levels of endurance, strength, and overall well-being.
- Physical exercise Bodily activity that improves health and overall well-being.
- Physiotherapy Healthcare field that uses physical techniques for rehabilitation and injury treatment.
- Pigmented lesion (skin spot) Change in skin colour.
- Pneumonia Lung infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli.
- Polyp Abnormal tissue growth in mucous membranes.
- Presyncope (lipothymia) Sensation of near-fainting without complete loss of consciousness.
- Prevention Set of measures aimed at avoiding diseases.
- Preventive vaccination Administration of vaccines before exposure to diseases.
- Prostate Gland of the male reproductive system.
- Prostatitis Inflammation of the prostate.
- Protein Essential nutrient for building and repairing tissues.
- Psychology Field that studies behaviour and mental processes.
- Psychotherapy Treatment of emotional problems through psychological support.
- Pulmonary embolism Blockage of an artery in the lungs, usually caused by a blood clot.
- Pulmonary emphysema Chronic lung disease that makes breathing difficult.
- Pulmonology Medical specialty dedicated to the respiratory system.
- Pulse Rhythm of heartbeats felt in the arteries.
- Pus Fluid resulting from infection, composed of dead cells and bacteria.
Q
- Quadrant (abdominal quadrant) Division of the abdomen used to localise symptoms and diagnoses.
- Quarantine Period of isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
- Quinolones Class of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections.
- Quotient (IQ – intelligence quotient) Measure of an individual’s cognitive ability.
R
- Radiation Energy emitted as particles or waves, used in medical diagnosis and treatment.
- Radiography (X-ray) Imaging test that uses X-rays to visualise internal body structures.
- Rapid test Diagnostic test with quick results.
- Reaction (allergic reaction) Body’s response to substances it considers harmful.
- Reabsorption Process of absorbing substances within the body.
- Recovery Process of returning to health after illness or treatment.
- Red blood cells Cells responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.
- Rehabilitation Process of recovering physical or mental functions after illness or injury.
- Rehydration Restoration of fluids in the body.
- Rejection (transplant rejection) Body’s response against a transplanted organ.
- Remission Reduction or disappearance of disease symptoms.
- Renal failure Loss of kidney function in filtering the blood.
- Respiration Process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
- Respiratory rate Number of breaths per minute.
- Respiratory system Group of organs responsible for breathing.
- Respiratory virus Virus that affects the respiratory system.
- Resuscitation Set of techniques used to restore vital functions.
- Retina Layer of the eye responsible for capturing images.
- Reproduction Biological process of generating offspring.
- Rickets Disease caused by vitamin D deficiency, affecting bone development.
- Rhinitis Inflammation of the nasal mucosa, usually caused by allergies.
- Rubella Contagious viral disease with skin rash.
- Rupture Tear or break of tissues or structures.
S
- Scoliosis Abnormal curvature of the spine.
- Sedation Administration of medication to induce relaxation or sleep.
- Sedentary lifestyle Lack of regular physical activity.
- Sebaceous cyst Benign cyst formed under the skin due to blocked glands.
- Seborrheic keratosis Benign skin lesion with a dark and raised appearance.
- Secretion Production and release of substances by the body.
- Semen Fluid containing sperm cells, essential for reproduction.
- Sepsis (septicemia) Severe bloodstream infection that can be life-threatening.
- Serology Test that analyses antibodies in the blood.
- Serum Solution used for hydration or administration of medications.
- Shoulder Joint that connects the arm to the torso and allows wide mobility.
- Side effect Undesired reaction associated with the use of medications or treatments.
- Sinusitis Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.
- Skin Largest organ of the human body, responsible for protection.
- Skin lesion Alteration in the skin, such as spots or wounds.
- Skin rash Appearance of spots or lesions on the skin.
- Sleep apnea Disorder characterised by pauses in breathing during sleep.
- Spasm (muscle spasm) Involuntary contraction of a muscle.
- Sphincter Muscle that controls the opening and closing of an organ.
- Spermatogenesis Process of sperm production.
- Spinal cord Part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.
- Stress Body’s response to physical or emotional pressure.
- Stiff joint Joint stiffness that limits mobility.
- Stomach Organ responsible for the initial digestion of food.
- Stool (feces) Waste material eliminated from the body through the digestive system.
- Stroke (CVA – Cerebrovascular Accident) Interruption of blood flow to the brain, which may cause neurological damage.
- Suppuration Formation of pus in an infection.
- Suture Procedure of closing a wound with stitches.
- Swab Instrument used to collect biological samples.
- Sweating (perspiration) Production of sweat by the body.
- Swollen joint Joint swelling due to inflammation or injury.
- Syndrome Set of signs and symptoms associated with a condition.
- Syphilis Sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria.
- Syncope Sudden and temporary loss of consciousness.
- Synovial joint Type of joint that allows free movement, such as the knee or shoulder.
- System (digestive system) Group of organs responsible for food digestion.
- System (immune system) Body’s defence system against infections.
- System (nervous system) Set of structures that control body functions and responses.
- System (respiratory system) Group of organs responsible for breathing.
- System (vascular) Related to blood vessels.
T
- Tachycardia Increase in heart rate above normal levels.
- Tendon Structure that connects muscle to bone.
- Tendinitis Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by repetitive strain.
- Test (diagnostic test) Examination performed to identify a disease.
- Therapy Set of treatments used to cure or relieve diseases.
- Hormone therapy Treatment involving the administration of hormones.
- Thermoregulation Process of controlling body temperature.
- Thoracic region Middle section of the spine associated with the chest.
- Thorax Region of the body that houses organs such as the heart and lungs.
- Thrombosis Formation of blood clots within blood vessels.
- Thrombus Blood clot formed inside a vessel.
- Thyroid Gland responsible for regulating metabolism.
- Thyroid gland Gland that regulates metabolism through hormone production.
- Thyroid hormones Hormones produced by the thyroid that control metabolism.
- Thyroid nodule Mass in the thyroid gland.
- Thyroxine Hormone produced by the thyroid that regulates metabolism.
- Tinnitus Perception of sound in the ears without an external source, such as ringing or buzzing.
- Tissue Group of cells with a specific function in the body.
- Tolerance (drug tolerance) Reduced response to a medication with continuous use.
- Tongue Muscular organ involved in speech, chewing, and swallowing.
- Toxin Poisonous substance produced by living organisms.
- Toxicity Ability of a substance to cause harm to the body.
- Trachea Tube that carries air to the lungs.
- Trauma Physical injury caused by impact or accident.
- Traumatology Medical field that treats traumatic injuries.
- Transfusion (blood transfusion) Transfer of blood or blood components between individuals.
- Transplant Replacement of an organ or tissue with a healthy one.
- Triglycerides Type of fat found in the blood.
- Tumor Abnormal growth of tissue, which may be benign or malignant.
- Treatment test (rapid test) Diagnostic test with quick results.
U
- Ulcer Open sore that can occur on the skin or mucous membranes, such as in the stomach.
- Ulcerative (ulcerative colitis) Inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers in the colon.
- Ultrasound Imaging test that uses sound waves to visualise internal organs.
- Ultrasound (ultrasonography) Imaging test that uses sound waves to visualise internal organs.
- Ultraviolet (UV) Solar radiation that can affect the skin and eyes.
- Umbilicus (navel) Scar resulting from the cutting of the umbilical cord.
- Urea Substance resulting from protein metabolism, eliminated by the kidneys.
- Urethra Canal that carries urine from the bladder to the outside.
- Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra, usually caused by infection.
- Urgency (medical urgency) Condition requiring prompt care but without immediate life-threatening risk.
- Urinary incontinence Involuntary loss of urine.
- Urinary stream Flow of urine during urination, an indicator of urinary health.
- Urinary tract infection (UTI) Infection affecting the urinary system, such as the bladder or kidneys.
- Urine Fluid produced by the kidneys that eliminates waste from the body.
- Urology Medical specialty dedicated to the urinary system and male reproductive system.
- Urticaria (hives) Skin reaction with rashes and itching.
- Uterus Organ of the female reproductive system where pregnancy occurs.
- Uveitis Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye.
V
- Vaccine Preparation that stimulates the immune system to protect against diseases.
- Vaccination Process of administering vaccines to prevent diseases.
- Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina.
- Valvular disease (valvulopathy) Disease affecting the heart valves.
- Varicose veins Abnormal dilation of veins, usually in the legs.
- Vasculitis Inflammation of blood vessels.
- Vascular (system) Related to blood vessels.
- Vasoconstriction Narrowing of blood vessels.
- Vasodilation Widening of blood vessels.
- Vasopressin Hormone that regulates fluid balance in the body.
- Vasospasm Sudden contraction of a blood vessel.
- Vein Blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.
- Ventilation Movement of air in and out of the lungs.
- Ventricle Chamber of the heart responsible for pumping blood.
- Vertigo Sensation of spinning or imbalance.
- Virus Microorganism that causes infections in the body.
- Viral (infection) Disease caused by a virus.
- Vision Ability to perceive images through the eyes.
- Vitamin Essential nutrient for proper body function.
- Vitamin C Antioxidant vitamin important for the immune system.
- Vitamin D Vitamin important for bone health and immunity.
- Vitamin deficiency Lack of essential vitamins in the body, which may cause various symptoms.
- Vitiligo Condition that causes loss of skin pigmentation.
- Vomiting Expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.
- Vulva External part of the female reproductive system.
X
- Xanthelasma Fat deposits under the skin, usually around the eyelids.
- Xanthoma Fat accumulation in the skin associated with cholesterol disorders.
- Xenobiotic Substance foreign to the body, such as drugs or toxins.
- Xenotransplantation Transplant of organs or tissues between different species.
- Xeroderma Condition characterised by extremely dry skin.
- Xerosis (cutaneous xerosis) Skin dryness that may cause flaking and itching.
- Xerostomia Sensation of dry mouth due to reduced saliva production.
- Xiphoid process Small bony structure located at the lower part of the sternum.
- X-ray (radiography) Imaging test that uses X-rays to visualise internal body structures.
- Xylose Sugar used in tests to assess intestinal absorption.
- Xylitol Sweetener used as a sugar alternative, with benefits for oral health.
Z
- Zika Viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, which may cause fever and skin rash.
- Zinc Essential mineral for the immune system and wound healing.
- Zoonosis Disease transmitted from animals to humans.
- Zygote Initial cell formed after fertilisation of the egg by the sperm.